Figure 1. The general principle of confounding by indication. Confounding by indication is very common in observational studies (e.g. case-control and cohort studies). It can occur in relation to either beneficial outcomes or harmful outcomes and can result in either an increase or a reduction in … See more When an exposure appears to be associated with an outcome, the outcome may, in fact, be caused by the indication for which the exposure was used, or some factor associated … See more An observational studysuggested that children who had been given paracetamol were more likely to develop asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in later life; however, this result may have been confounded by an … See more Careful study design can reduce the risk of confounding by indication. For example, including a range of different indications for the same … See more In a systematic reviewof observational studies of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine, Remschmidt and colleagues investigated the … See more Web• Confounding by indication or channeling bias may change over time and may vary by subgroup (e.g., elderly) • Graphing the propensity score or disease risk score overlap …
Bias in pharmacoepidemiologic studies using secondary health …
WebAug 25, 2010 · Despite the potential bias of confounding by contraindication, however, observational studies of the association between hormone therapy and venous thrombosis provide results that are similar to the safety findings in clinical trials (relative risk [RR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.19 3 vs RR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.26-3.55 4). WebDec 15, 1996 · They conclude that the comparison between inhaled fenoterol and salbutamol in the SAEP may have been biased by indication. This study demonstrates … slow roll bicycle forums
Methodological Issues Relevant to Observational Studies
WebJun 1, 1999 · Confounding by indication is a term used when a variable is a rise factor for a disease among nonexposed persons and is associated with the exposure of interest in … WebConfounding By Indication Source: A Dictionary of Epidemiology Author(s): Miquel Porta. A type of Confounding bias that occurs when a symptom or sign of disease is judged as an indication (or a contraindication) for a given therapy, and is therefore associated both with the use of a drug or medical procedure (or its avoidance) and with a higher probability of … slow roll airplane